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VOLUME,' .= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0 .=8 ,LEFT QUOTA;N M>K .=9 ,SUP]SCRIPT 9DICATOR "<:5 PREC$$ BY GRADE #A BRL 9DICATOR"> .=0 ,"R QUOTA;N M>K .=@.< ,LEFT TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE 9DICATOR .=@.> ,"R TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE 9DICATOR .=^C ,COPY"R SIGN .=^1 ,BOLDFACE ^W 9DICATOR .=^3 ,DI]ESIS " ABV FOLL[+ LR .=^7 ,BOLDFACE PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=^' ,BOLDFACE T]M9ATOR .=_4 ,BULLET .=_/ ,SOLIDUS "<=W>D SLA%"> .="< ,LEFT P>5!SIS .="> ,"R P>5!SIS .=" ,L9E 3T9UA;N 9DICATOR .=.< ,LEFT SQU>E BRACKET .=.1 ,ITALIC ^W 9DICATOR T#B ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS .=.> ,"R SQU>E BRACKET .=.7 ,ITALIC PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=.' ,ITALIC T]M9ATOR .=.- ,L[ L9E "<"USCORE"> "<:5 APPE>+ AL"O ON A L9E1 ? REPRES5TS A L9E ACR ! PAGE"> .=; ,GRADE #A BRL 9DICATOR .=,- ,DA% .=,' ,CAPITALIZA;N T]M9ATOR .=,, ,CAPITALIS$ ^W 9DICATOR .=,,, ,CAPITALIS$ PASSAGE 9DICATOR T#C ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS ,,,TRANSCRIB]'S NOTES,' ,? DOCU;T USES 5DNOTES 9/1D ( FOOTNOTES4 ,,! LOCA;N ( 5DNOTES IS 9DICAT$ 9 ! 3V5;NAL MANN]1 US+ SUP]SCRIPT NUMB]S EMB$D$ 9 ! TEXT4 ,5DNOTES !MVS 2G9 ON PAGE #BE4 ,:5 A L[ L9E "<"USCORE"> APPE>S AL"O ON A L9E1 X REPRES5TS A RUL$ L9E ACR ! PAGE4 T#D ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS ,AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS H DRAWN WIDESPR1D M$IA ATT5;N1 "PICUL>LY S9CE LA/ YE>'S OP5 LR SIGN$ BY M ?AN #C1JJJ >TIFICIAL 9TELLIG;E "<,,AI"> RESE>*]S W>N+ AG/ AN IMP5D+ 8MILIT>Y ,,AI >MS RACE40;9#A ,S9CE #BJAC1 4CUS.N ( S* W1PONS HAS BE5 CLIMB+ ! >MS 3TROL AG5DA ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NA;NS4 ,!Y >E A TOPIC AT ! ,HUMAN ,"RS ,C\NCIL & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ,F/ ,COMMITTEE ON 4>MA;T & 9T]NA;NAL SECUR;Y1 B ! MA9 V5UE ( ! DEBATE IS ! ,3V5;N ON ,C]TA9 ,3V5;NAL ,W1PONS "<,,CCW"> 9 ,G5EVA4;9#B ,S F>1 ,,CCW C.TRIES H 3V5$ = ?REE 9=MAL MEET+S ( EXP]TS ON ! TOPIC & 9 ,DECEMB] W DECIDE :E!R TO 3T9UE & DEEP5 _! DELIB]A;NS BY E/ABLI%+ A GR\P ( GOV]N;TAL EXP]TS NEXT YE>4 ,/IGMATIZ$ Z 8KILL] ROBOTS0 BY OPPON5TS1 AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS >E WIDELY REG>D$ Z H>B+]S ( A P>ADIGM #A ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS %IFT 9 W>F>E4 ,Z DESCRIB$ 9 A #BJAB ,P5TAGON DOCU;T;1;9#C 8.<,ONCE.> ACTIVAT$1 . C SEEK1 SELECT & 5GAGE T>GETS )\T 9T]V5;N BY A HUMAN OP]ATOR40 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ^! W1PONS WD 2 ABLE TO MAKE DECI.NS ON ! USE ( LE?AL =CE )\T A HUMAN 9 ! DECI.N-MAK+ LOOP4 ,! DIRECTIVE SAYS S* SY/EMS %D ALL[ = 8APPROPRIATE LEVELS ( HUMAN JUDG;T0 OV] ! USE ( LE?AL =CE1 L1V+ OP5 ! "Q ( :AT 3/ITUTES 8APPROPRIATE40 ,S F>1 ONLY PRECURSOR SY/EMS & TE*NOLOGY DEMON/RATORS EXI/4 ,? MAKES AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS A C&IDATE = PREV5TIVE >MS 3TROL4 @.<.7,PHOTOGRAPH@.> ,A ,NOR?ROP ,GRUMMAN ;,X-#DG;,B ,UNMANN$ ,COMBAT ,AIR ,SY/EM DEMON/RATOR FLIES NE> ! AIRCRAFT C>RI] ,,USS ,GEORGE ,H4,W4 ,BU% 9 ,MAY #BJAC4 ,9 ,APRIL #BJAE1 ! /RIKE-FI ,? >TICLE CL>IFIES :AT AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS >E & LI/S ! DRIV+ =CES 2H ! PU% T[>D W1PONS AUTONOMY4 ,X REVIEWS ! RESULT+ PROBLEMS T R5D] ? TE*NOLOGY A HOTLY DEBAT$ >MS 3TROL ISSUE4 ,AF ! ,,CCW L&SCAPE HAS BE5 *>T$1 ! >TICLE 3CLUDES BY ID5TIFY+ F\R POSSIBLE \TCOMES ( ! ,,CCW PROCESS & POND]+ FUTURE >MS 3TROL P]SPECTIVES & POLICY RECOMM5DA;NS4 ^1,! ^1,BASICS ,"S W1PONS SY/EMS US$ = DEF5SIVE PURPOSES ALR C ID5TIFY & TRACK 9COM+ T>GETS & 5GAGE !M )\T A HUMAN PU%+ ! METAPHORICAL BUTTON4 ,DEEM$ PRECURSORS TO AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS1 !Y C REACT TO 9COM+ MISSILES OR MORT> %ELLS 9 CASES 9 : ! TIM+ DOES N ALL[ = HUMAN DECI.N-MAK+4 ,! ,PHALANX ,CLOSE-,"9 ,W1PON ,SY/EM ON ,NAVY %IPS IS "O EXAMPLE = S* A W1PONS SY/EM1 #C ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS ,ISRAEL'S ,IRON ,DOME AIR ,DEF5SE SY/EM IS ANO!R4 ,YET1 ^! DEF5SIVE SY/EMS >E N ! FOCUS ( ! MA9LY =W>D-LOOK+ AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS DEBATE4 ,JUXTAPOS+ AUTOMATIC & AUTONOM\S SY/EMS IS A HELP;L WAY TO "U/& :Y4 ,DEF5SIVE SY/EMS S* Z ! ,PHALANX C 2 CATEGORIZ$ Z AUTOMATIC4 ,!Y >E /A;N>Y OR FIX$ ON %IPS OR TRAIL]S & DESIGN$ TO FIRE AT 9ANIMATE T>GETS4 ,!Y J REP1T$LY P]=M PREPROGRAMM$ AC;NS & OP]ATE ONLY )9 TIAMET]S & "T FRAMES 9 COMP>ABLY /RUCTUR$ & 3TROLL$ 5VIRON;TS4 ,AUTONOM\S W1PONS >E 4T+UI%-ABLE F _! PRECURSORS4 ,!Y WD 2 ABLE TO OP]ATE )\T HUMAN 3TROL OR SUP]VI.N 9 DYNAMIC1 UN/RUCTUR$1 OP5 5VIRON;TS1 ATTACK+ A V>IETY ( T>GETS4 ,!Y WD OP]ATE OV] AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( "T AF ACTIVA;N & WD POT5TIALLY 2 ABLE TO LE>N & ADAPT TO _! SITUA;NS4 ,TO 2 FAIR1 ? JUXTAPOSI;N IS >TIFICIAL & GLOSSES OV] AN IMPORTANT GRAY >EA BY L1V+ ASIDE ! FACT T #D ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS AUTONOM\S FUNC;NAL;Y IS A 3T9UUM4 ,AF ALL1 AUTOMATIC SY/EMS1 T>GET+ HUMANS AT BORD]S OR AUTOMATICALLY FIR+ BACK AT ! S\RCE ( 9COM+ MUNI;NS1 ALR RAISE "QS RELEVANT TO ! AUTONOMY DEBATE4 ,"! >GUABLY IS A TACIT "U/&+ 9 ! EXP]T COMMUN;Y & AM;G DIPLOMATS 9 ,G5EVA T ! DEBATE'S MA9 FOCUS IS ON FUTURE1 MOBILE W1PONS PLAT=MS EQUIPP$ ) ONBO>D S5SORS1 COMPUT]S1 & DECI.N-MAK+ ALGORI?MS ) ! CAPABIL;Y TO SEEK1 ID5TIFY1 TRACK1 & ATTACK T>GETS AUTONOM\SLY4 ,! AUTONOMY DEBATE ?US T\*ES ON B IS N PRIM>ILY 3C]N$ ) EXI/+ AUTOMATIC DEF5SIVE SY/EMS4 ,9 FACT1 DEP5D+ ON H[ ! ,,CCW 5DS UP DEF9+ AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS1 X MIGET+ 9COM+ MUNI;NS4 ^7,DRIV]S ( ,AUTONOMY^' ,X IS "UWAT] & 9 ! AIR",-LESS #E ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS CLUTT]$ 5VIRON;TS",-": AUTONOMY 9 W1PONS SY/EMS IS CURR5TLY ADVANC+ MO/ RAPIDLY4 ,! ;,X-#DG;,B 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM'S ,T>ANIS1 & ! ,FR5* N,,EUR,ON PROJECT >E EXAMPLES ( AUTONOMY TE/+ 9 UNMANN$ A]IAL VEHICLES4;9#D ,? TR5D IS DRIV5 BY ! PROSPECT ( V>I\S B5EFITS4 _4 ,W1PONS AUTONOMY REMOVES ! NE$ = A 3TROL-&-COMMUNICA;NS L9K1 : IS VULN]ABLE TO 4RUP;N OR CAPTURE & MAY REV1L ! SY/EM'S LOCA;N & 9 : "! IS 9V>IABLY "S DELAY 2T ! ISSU+ ( A COMM& BY ! HUMAN OP]ATOR & ! EXECU;N ( T COMM&4 ,REMOV+ ? LAT5CY G5]ATES A TACTICAL ADVANTAGE4 _4 ,X HAS BE5 >GU$ T 2C AUTONOM\S SY/EMS D N "K FE>1 /RESS" OR OV]R1C;NS1 !Y MIF>E M HUMANE & PREV5T "S ( ! ATROCITIES ( W>4 ,MA*9ES >E N ONLY DEVOID ( NEGATIVE HUMAN EMO;NS1 B !Y AL LACK A SELF-PRES]VA;N 9/9CT1 S #F ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS !Y CD WELL DELAY RETURN+ FIRE1 "S SAY4 ,!Y >E SUPPOS$ TO ALL[ = GRT] RE/RA9T & AL BETT] 4CRIM9A;N 2T CIVILIANS & COMBATANTS1 RESULT+ 9 AN APPLICA;N ( =CE 9 /RICT OR /RICT] A3ORD.E ) 9T]NA;NAL HUMANIT>IAN LAW4;9#E ^7,PROBLEMS ) ,AUTONOMY^' ,9 LIIES TO UNEQUIVOCALLY WELCOME ! 9TRODUC;N ( AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS4 ,YET1 _! REPUTA;N REMA9S MIX$ AT BE/4 ,= 9/.E1 "! >E MULTIPLE OP]A;NAL RISKS4 ,! POT5TIAL = HI<-TEMPO FRATRICIDE1 M* GRT] ?AN AT HUMAN 9T]V5;N SPE$S1 9C5TIVIZES MILIT>IES TO RETA9 HUMANS 9 ! *A9 ( DECI.N-MAK+ Z A FAIL-SAFE ME*ANISM4;9#F ,ABV & 2Y S* TACTICAL 3C]NS1 ^! SY/EMS ?R1T5 TO 9TRODUCE A DE/ABILIZ+ FACTOR AT ! /RATEGIC LEVEL4 ,= "O1 ,AUTONOM\S W1PONS SY/EMS G5]ATE NEW POSSIBILITIES = 4>M+ SURPRISE ATTACKS4 ,SMALL1 #G ,:Y ,N[ ,IS ! ,"T TO ,BAN ,AUTONOM\S ,W1PONS ,SY/EMS /1L?Y1 OR EXTREMELY L[-FLY+ SY/EMS1 OR SW>MS1 >E DI6ICULT TO DETECT & DEF5D AG/4 ,:5 NUCLE> W1PONS OR /RATEGIC COMM&-&-3TROL SY/EMS >E OR >E P]CVD TO 2 PUT AT GRT] RISK1 AUTONOM\S 3V5;NAL CAPABILITIES 5D UP CAUS+ 9/ABIL;Y AT ! /RATEGIC LEVEL4 ,FUR!R1 TRAD+ ALGORI?MS AT ! /OCK M>KET ALR PROVIDE CAU;N>Y TALES ( UN=ESEEABLE & CO/LY ALGORI?M 9T]AC;NS4 ,9TRODUC+ AUTONOM\S SY/EMS 9TO 3FLICT RUNS ! RISK ( G5]AT+ SIMIL>LY UNEXPECT$ \TCOMES4 ,! SEQU;E ( EV5TS DEVELOP+ AT RAPID SPE$ F ! 9T]AC;N ( AUTONOM\S SY/EMS OR SW>MS ( TWO ADV]S>IES CD N"E 2 TRA9$1 TE/$1 NOR TRULY =ESE54 ,AN UNCONTROLL$ ESCALA;N F CRISIS TO W> IS 5TIRELY )9 ! 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